Magnetically Self-Sealed MR Haptic Actuator With PWM-Based Excitation and High-Fidelity Torque Control

arXiv:2608.19635v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Accurate and stable torque rendering is essential for safe and perceptive human--machine interaction. Magnetorheological fluid (MRF)-based actuators offer a compact and rapidly controllable solution for haptic feedback, but their practical implementat